Anatolia's unique climate and geography have helped local people develop a vibrant cultural mosaic over the centuries. The region's rich history of different civilizations has contributed to a cultural heritage that is found nowhere else in the world. In modern times, new traditions have emerged as people blend past practices with creative and imaginative ideas. Today, Turkish craft shops can be found on nearly every street, with locals eager to share their expertise in traditional handicrafts. From Turkish embroidery to çini tiles, the country is brimming with fascinating crafts. Here's an overview of the most iconic Turkish arts and crafts you might want to explore before visiting Türkiye.
Exploring Traditional Turkish Handicrafts: A Deep Dive into Ceramics, Weaving, and More
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Çini Tiles
Çini tiles, which are often used for wall decoration, became a hallmark of Ottoman culture in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, their origins date back to the Karakhanid period (955 CE) and grew under the Seljuks. İznik tiles, known for their intricate designs featuring plants, animals, and geometric patterns, are predominantly blue and red but sometimes incorporate black. Famous sites like the Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Blue Mosque) and the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul showcase stunning examples of these tiles. The art of çini-making is so significant that it has been added to UNESCO's World Heritage Tentative List.
Earthenware (Çanak Çömlek)
Anatolia has a long history of producing earthenware pottery, which is crucial to local economies. Turkish potters use a special red clay paste, sourced from the local soil, to create sturdy, long-lasting pottery.
Coppersmithing
Copper has been used for tool and weapon-making for over 10,000 years, and it remains one of Türkiye's most respected crafts. Copperwork is thought to have been introduced by the Seljuk Turks. One notable technique, known as tavlama, involves smoothing the metal by heating. Copper objects, including coffee pots and pepper grinders, are widely available in bazaars and souvenir shops. For exceptional examples, visit the Bakırcılar Bazaar in Malatya.
Weaving
Turkish rugs are renowned worldwide for their quality and craftsmanship. They are traditionally made by hand, with intricate designs and natural dyes derived from materials like indigo, rose madder, and onion skin. Kilims, flat-woven rugs, have been made for thousands of years, with their origins tracing back to the Neolithic period at the site of Çatalhöyük (around 7000 BCE). This tradition continues across Türkiye, including in regions like Kapadokya, where you can snap a photo with kilims as the perfect backdrop.
Ebru (Paper Marbling)
Ebru, or paper marbling, is a traditional Turkish art where colors are floated on oily water and then transferred to paper. This technique, originating in Turkistan in the 13th century, was used in bookbinding but later evolved into a distinct art form. Turkish artisans in Istanbul's Beyazıt district were once the heart of this craft, creating designs that were in high demand both locally and in Europe.
Jewelry Production
Turkish jewelry production reflects the country's role as a crossroads for diverse cultures. Türkiye is one of the top five countries globally in gold jewelry production. While gold has become the dominant material, the earliest jewelry in Türkiye was crafted from copper during the Bronze Age. Traditional Turkish jewelry-making techniques like savaklama and küftgani continue to be used today.
Woodworking
The Seljuk Turks were experts in stone and woodcraft. They designed intricate wood pieces such as mosque doors and niches. Although many wooden objects from the past have not survived, fine examples from the 8th to 19th centuries can be found in Istanbul's Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art. Modern Turkish woodworkers often produce decorated walking sticks, and cities like Zonguldak and Gaziantep are known for their fine craftsmanship. A unique technique, called kündekâri, involves joining small pieces of wood to form intricate designs.
Knitting, Embroidery, and Oya
Embroidery, which dates back to Turkic nomads, is still a widely practiced craft in Türkiye. Geometric and floral designs are the most common patterns. One notable type of embroidery, beadwork, originates from the regions of Adana and İçel. Oya, a form of lacework used to decorate garments and household textiles, is also a popular craft. This delicate art is made using needles, crochet hooks, and shuttles, and it remains popular today.
Yorgancılık (Quilt-Making)
Quilt-making, known as yorgancılık in Turkish, involves stitching layers of fabric to create intricate designs. This craft was once a profession in the Ottoman Empire and continues today, with quilters still practicing their art in various neighborhoods and bazaars.
Tezhip (Illumination Art)
Tezhip, the art of decorating manuscripts with gold leaf or paint, was once reserved for sacred texts. The tradition, which dates back to the 9th century with the Uyghurs, reached its peak during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Ottoman Empire. This art form adorned the margins of calligraphy, such as the sultan’s signature, known as a tuğra.
Miniature Art (Minyatür)
Miniature paintings in Türkiye often depict historical events and ceremonies. Originally used to decorate manuscripts, miniature art has evolved to appear on various surfaces like wood, tiles, and canvas. This art form was added to UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2020, highlighting its importance to Türkiye and other countries.