Located in the Bergama district of Izmir, the ancient city of Pergamon is a unique destination for both history buffs and travellers seeking cultural discovery. This ancient city, where science, art and medicine flourished during the Hellenistic period, stands out with its impressive architecture, mythological past and UNESCO World Heritage status. So, where is Pergamon ancient city? What to see in Pergamon ancient city? If you are planning to visit this fascinating ancient city, you will find everything you need in this guide.
Pergamon Ancient City Travel Guide: Explore One of Turkey’s Greatest Archaeological Sites
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History of Pergamon: Asia Minor's Center of Science and Art
The history of Pergamon dates back to the 4th century BC. The city showed great development, especially during the Attalos Dynasty in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. As the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon, the city became one of the most important cultural and scientific centres of the period. It also maintained its importance during the Roman Empire and became one of the most important administrative and religious centres in Anatolia.
Most of the buildings built during the city's heyday are still standing today. Especially the theatre, library, temples, and the health complex reveal the advanced engineering of the period.
Mythological and Cultural Importance
Pergamon is not only a political centre; it is also a cultural area intertwined with mythology. Ancient sources tell that the founder of Pergamon was Telephos, a descendant of Heracles. Telephos is also one of the mythological figures of the Trojan War.
The Asclepion in the city was dedicated to Asclepius, the god of health in Ancient Greek mythology, and was used as both a religious and medical centre. Patients were treated here with music therapy, mud baths and healing waters.
Must-See Structures in the Ancient City
The buildings of Pergamon offer impressive examples of the architecture of the period. The city consists of two main parts, the Acropolis (upper city) and the Asklepion (lower city).
Acropolis
Temple of Trajan: Dedicated to the Roman Emperor Traianus, this magnificent structure is a clear indication of Roman influence.
Temple of Athena: Dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of Pergamon. It symbolises the intellectual structure of the city.
Theatre: With a capacity of 10,000 people, it is the steepest hillside theatre in the world. Built against the sea view, this structure draws attention with its excellent acoustics.
Library: Said to contain more than 200,000 parchment rolls, this building was the second largest library of the period. As a result of the parchment competition with Egypt, the word “parchment” derives from the root “Pergamen”.
Altar of Zeus: This monumental structure, now on display at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, is one of the most important monuments in the ancient world. Its original site can still be seen.
Asklepion
As the health centre of the city, it was a place where ancient medicine was practised and methods that pioneered modern psychotherapy were tested. Famous physicians such as Galenos are known to have trained here. Tunnels, treatment rooms and healing springs can still be visited.
Pergamon Museum
Located near the ancient city, the Pergamon Museum is an important centre where the excavated artefacts are exhibited. It offers visitors the opportunity to better understand Pergamon culture with temple ruins, sculptures, coins and objects of daily life.
Places to visit in the area
Bergama and its surroundings offer a rich area of discovery outside the ancient city:
The Red Courtyard (Temple of Serapis): This huge Roman temple is one of the rare examples dedicated to Egyptian gods.
Dikili: This coastal town, about 30 km away, is an ideal alternative for those who want to swim in the sea.
Ayvalık: 1 hour from Bergama, this tourist town is famous for its historic houses and olive oil.
Madra Mountain: One of the most beautiful nature routes around for those looking for hiking and highland air.
Transportation Information
Transportation to the Pergamon Ancient City is quite easy. Bergama district, which is approximately 100 km from Izmir city centre, can be easily reached by road.
By Private Vehicle: You can reach Bergama via the Izmir-Çanakkale road. It is possible to drive up to the entrance of the Acropolis.
By Bus: After reaching the district by Bergama buses departing from Izmir Bus Terminal, you can go to the ancient city by minibus or taxi.
By Air: The nearest airport is Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport. You can reach Bergama by renting a car from here or by public transportation.
Best Time to Visit
The spring and fall months are ideal for both weather conditions and visitor density. Visiting in the morning is recommended as it can be quite hot in the summer months. Sunscreen, a hat and comfortable shoes are a must.