Turkey has been home to numerous civilisations throughout history. Their architectural remains can be seen both on the surface and deep underground. Among these hidden treasures, underground cities stand out. These structures, spanning thousands of years, are remarkable symbols of architectural ingenuity and human resilience. Here are five must-visit underground cities in Turkey, along with detailed information about each of these fascinating sites.
Located in the heart of Cappadocia, Derinkuyu is one of the deepest underground cities in the world. This structure, which was first carved by the Phrygians in the 8th century BC, developed over the centuries and was used for defence purposes during the Byzantine period. Derinkuyu has the capacity to accommodate an estimated 20 thousand people.
The underground city goes down to a depth of 85 metres and 8 floors are open to visitors. There are narrow and long tunnels between the floors. On each floor, there are structures such as kitchens, stables, churches, wine cellars and even missionary schools. The 55-metre-long air shaft provides ventilation for the city.
In terms of transportation, Derinkuyu is 30 km from the centre of Nevşehir. You can easily reach with your private car or Cappadocia tours of tour companies. Although visiting hours vary according to the season, it is usually open from 08:00 AM until 7:00 PM.
After visiting Derinkuyu, you can visit other Cappadocia wonders such as Ihlara Valley, Narlıgöl and Uçhisar Castle. In addition, early morning balloon tours are among the most impressive activities that can be done in the region.
Kaymakli Underground City, located in the town of Kaymakli in Nevşehir, is an alternative to Derinkuyu, spread over a wider area. It is thought to have been first established in the 4th century BC and was intensively used during the Byzantine period.
There are tunnels, rooms, storage areas and barn structures in the city, which has 4 floors open to visitors. Among the most remarkable structures are the large ventilation shafts and the church. Stone gates were used for defence and are still in place.
Kaymakli is only 10 kilometres from Derinkuyu. It is recommended to visit early in the morning as it is flooded with tourists. Cool clothes should be preferred as hot weather can be effective underground in summer.
After visiting Kaymaklı, you should definitely visit destinations such as pottery workshops in Avanos, Zelve Valley and Three Beauties. The Cappadocia region is also full of adventure activities such as cycling and horse tours, jeep safari.
This underground city, located in the Ozkonak town of Avanos, was discovered by a farmer in 1972. Unlike the others, Özkonak has more advanced defence systems. It is equipped with details such as stone traps, hot oil pouring holes and communication pipes between floors.
According to some sources, the underground city has up to 10 floors, but only the first 4 floors are currently open to visitors. Inside, there are buildings such as a place of worship, stables and a winery. The defence systems between the tunnels make the city extraordinary.
In terms of transportation, it is possible to reach the Avanos district centre in 15 minutes. Visiting hours are usually between 09:00-18:00. Ozkonak is a lesser-known destination in the Cappadocia region but extremely rich in history and technique.
Nearby, you can do activities such as walking along the Kızılırmak, pottery workshops and carpet weaving centres. Ozkonak is a very suitable choice for travellers who want to combine history and handicrafts.
Located close to Mazi Village, this underground city is one of the oldest and authentic underground settlements. There are 4 different entrances in the city with Roman and Byzantine traces. The entrances are camouflaged with natural stones.
There are grape crushing areas, a cemetery, a church and cisterns in Mazi Underground City. Even fresco remains can be seen in this structure, which is less destroyed than other cities.
You can reach Mazi with your private car or organised tours. Visiting hours should be learnt up to date and it is recommended to visit with a guide.
In the vicinity of Mazi, there are areas of nature and history such as Soğanlı Valley and Keşlik Monastery. At the same time, the region is also very suitable for photography and trekking.
Located in the Gaziemir town of Niğde, this underground city is one of the rare underground structures outside the Cappadocia region. Its most remarkable feature is the presence of a caravanserai inside. This shows that the city was not only for defence purposes but also a part of trade routes.
Estimated to have been used in the 12th century, Gaziemir offers an organised structure with stables, a church, a kitchen and living areas. The underground rooms are connected to each other by large tunnels.
Gaziemir Underground City, 35 km from the centre of Niğde, can be reached by private vehicles or local tours. New structures are unearthed every year in this area, where archaeological studies are still ongoing.
After visiting Gaziemir, you can also experience the natural and historical richness of Niğde, such as Tyana Ancient City, Gümüşler Monastery and Aladağlar National Park. The region also appeals to outdoor enthusiasts with mountain climbing and camping areas.