The ancient city of Xanthos, the capital of Lycia, is one of the most impressive ancient cities in the Mediterranean with its epic history and fascinating ruins. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this unique ruin is a must-see stop for history lovers with its mythological narratives, monumental tombs and magnificent theatre. You cannot fully understand the Lycian civilisation without exploring Xanthos.
Xanthos Ancient City Guide: Explore the Capital of Lycia in Turkey
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The History of the Ancient City of Xanthos: The Tragic Fate of Lycia
Xanthos was the capital of the ancient Lycian civilisation. With a history dating back to the 8th century BC, it is considered one of the oldest settlements in the region. The city, which was the political centre of the Lycian Federation, is particularly known for its passion for independence and resistance.
Xanthos, known in history for two major mass suicides, went down in history for its struggles against the Persians (545 BC) and then the Romans (42 BC). In both invasions, the people burned their families and cities rather than surrender to the invaders, and then sacrificed themselves. These acts of resistance have made Xanthos not only an archaeological site but also a tragic symbol of heroism.
Mythological and Cultural Significance
Xanthos is notable not only for its history but also for its mythological connections. The city, which frequently appears in Lycian mythology, bears the traces of gods such as Apollo and Artemis. Additionally, the Xanthos River (now known as the Eşen River), mentioned in Homer's ‘Iliad,’ is a figure associated with the gods in the Trojan War.
The Lycian people created a unique culture with their inscriptions written in their own alphabet and their unique tomb architecture. The most important examples of this culture can be seen in the tomb monuments and temple ruins that have survived to this day in Xanthos.
Main Structures to Visit in the Ancient City
Xanthos is an open-air museum spread over a large area and housing structures from different periods. The main structures you should definitely see during your visit are as follows:
Lycian Tombs and Cemetery Area: These are among the most unique remains of the city. The high rock tombs and sarcophagi built on columns are extraordinary in terms of both architecture and art.
Harpy Monument: This tomb, built on a column, is named after the winged creatures (Harpies) depicted in its reliefs. The originals of the work are now in the British Museum, but replicas are on display in Xanthos.
Theatre: Dating back to the Roman period and with a capacity of approximately 2,200 people, the theatre is a popular destination for visitors to the city. Combined with the sea view, it creates an enchanting atmosphere.
Agora and Monumental Structures: Various temple ruins and inscriptions are located around the agora, one of the centres of public life.
Lycian and Greek Inscriptions: Xanthos is of great importance in the world of archaeology with its bilingual inscriptions. Thanks to these inscriptions, significant steps have been taken in deciphering the Lycian language.
Transportation Information: How to Get to Xanthos?
The ancient city of Xanthos is located between Antalya and Fethiye, within the borders of the Seydikemer district of Muğla. The city is located approximately 4 km from the town of Eşen.
Transportation by Private Vehicle: When departing from Antalya, head towards Kaş, and when departing from Fethiye, head towards Kalkan. Xanthos can be easily reached via the D400 highway by following the road signs.
Public Transportation: From the Fethiye Bus Terminal, take the minibus to Kalkan, Kaş or Seydikemer and get off at Eşen. From there, you can reach the ancient city by a short taxi ride.
Tours: Especially during the summer months, it is possible to participate in cultural tours that include ancient cities such as Xanthos and Letoon with daily tours departing from Fethiye and Kaş.
Visitor Information and Admission Fee
The ancient city of Xanthos is open to visitors under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The Museum Card is valid.
Visiting Hours: Although visiting hours vary depending on the summer and winter seasons, the site is generally open from 08:00 to 19:00.
Entrance Fee: For current fee information, please check the official website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey, but Museum Card holders can enter free of charge.
Guided Tours: Guided tours are available in the ancient city, or you can explore using the information boards and maps at the entrance.
Other Places to Visit Around Xanthos
Xanthos stands out not only for its own ruins but also for the historical and natural beauties around it:
Letoon Ancient City: Letoon, the religious centre of Xanthos, is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with Xanthos. The distance between them is approximately 4 kilometres. The temples of Apollo, Artemis and Leto can be seen here.
Patara Ancient City and Beach: Patara, another important port city of Lycia, is a must-see destination with its historical ruins and long sandy beach. It is approximately 18 kilometres from Xanthos.
Saklıkent Canyon: An ideal route for nature lovers, this canyon is 30 minutes away from Xanthos. It can be a unique getaway to cool off during the summer months.
Tlos Ancient City: Known as the setting of the mythological Bellerophontes legend, Tlos is located 25 kilometres from Xanthos.
Tips and Recommendations
As the region can get quite hot during the summer months, it is recommended to visit early in the morning. Sunscreen, a hat and plenty of water should be carried with you.
As the terrain is vast and walking-intensive, comfortable shoes should be worn.
Visiting Xanthos and Letoon together provides a more holistic view of the history of the region.
If guided tours are preferred, you can learn more about Lycian culture and the meaning of the inscriptions.
Local village markets, organic products and homemade jams can be found in the neighbourhood and you can make small purchases at the end of your trip.